📋 1. General rules of conduct
Road users must act without obstructing traffic or causing danger or unnecessary nuisance. It is forbidden to throw objects that could cause fires, pollute, or compromise road safety.
🧑✈️ 2. Bus driver obligations
- 👀 Maintain optimal conditions for controlling the vehicle
- ⚠️ Use caution with children, the elderly, and people with reduced mobility
- 🚫 Avoid negligent or reckless driving
- 📵 Using mobile devices without hands-free is prohibited
- 💺 Maintain good posture and keep passengers in view
- ⛽ When refueling: switch off the engine, lights, and mobile phones
👨🔧 Obligations of the vehicle owner
They must keep the vehicle in compliance with regulations and provide the driver’s identification in case of an offense.
🛣️ 3. Where you must drive
- 🚫 Do not drive on the shoulder except in an emergency
- ➡️ On two-way roads: use the right-hand lane
- ➡️ On one-way roads: use the lane as far to the right as possible
- 🚨 In a traffic jam on a motorway or dual carriageway, form the emergency lane for emergency vehicles (since 1 October 2026, RD 518/2026): with 2 lanes per direction, in the middle between both lanes; with 3 or more lanes, between the leftmost lane and the next one — left lane moves left, the rest move right
🧮 4. Lane count
Reserved lanes are excluded. Their use depends on the corresponding signage.
🚏 5. Types of lanes
🚌 Reserved lanes
- 🔢 Posted minimum speed
- 🚖 Bus-taxi lane (S-51)
- 👨👩👧👦 HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicles)
🚦 Special lanes
- ↔️ Reversible
- ➕ Additional lanes for heavy traffic
- ⬅️ Contraflow lanes
⚠️ 6. Relevant signs
- 🚫 Access prohibitions (by vehicle type)
- 💳 Mandatory or optional electronic toll (telepeaje)
📏 7. Safe following distance
- 🚘 Minimum 50 m for heavy vehicles (>3,500 kg or >10 m long)
- 🧪 In tunnels: 100 m (regular vehicles) / 150 m (heavy vehicles)
- 🟩 “Chevron” markings as a visual reference
🚦 8. Right of way
- 🔄 At unsigned intersections: yield to the vehicle on your right
- 🛣️ Right-of-way rules in roundabouts, expressways and public roads
- ↔️ On narrowings: priority according to vehicle type and difficulty
🏞️ 9. Road and surroundings
🚗 Bends
Reduce speed, steer smoothly, and accelerate progressively.
🌬️ Wind
Reduce speed, hold the wheel firmly, and counteract drift.
🌧️ Rain
- 🧼 Be cautious with the first drops (they mix with dirt)
- 🛞 Risk of aquaplaning — reduce speed
- 🔦 Use lights and increase following distance
🌫️ Fog
Switch on fog lights, increase following distance, and reduce speed.
❄️ Snow
- 🚙 Use higher gears, chains, or M+S tires
- 🧣 Carry warm clothing, food, a flashlight, and a charged phone
- 🛣️ On motorways and dual carriageways with snow on the carriageway: overtaking is prohibited and you must drive in the right-hand lane (the adjacent lane may be used where there are 3 or more lanes), leaving the left lanes free for emergency vehicles and snowploughs (since 1 October 2026, RD 518/2026)
🧊 Ice
Do not brake or steer abruptly; avoid cold, shaded areas.
🧰 Assistance devices
- 🔗 Metal or textile chains
- 🛞 Studded tires (≤ 2 mm)
- ❌ Spray is not a valid substitute where chains are mandatory
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